1.英语基本语法例如句子的基本结构

2.英语中所有的句子成分有哪些?所有啊

3.如何分析英语中一句子的结构,如名词作主语之类的?

句子结构的英语_句子结构英语七大结构英语单词

Different parts of a sentence概念句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的.组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分.句子的成分包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接和间接宾语)、宾语补足语、定语和状语.主语和谓语是句子的主体部分(在英语中,一般句子必须有主语和谓语),表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分.其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分.▲句子成分分类1.主语 主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”.一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当,也有从句充当的现象.大多数主语都在句首.如:讲述“谁”We work in a big factory. 讲述“什么”The classroom is very big. 数词作主语Three are enough. 三个人就够了不定式作主语To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctor’s job.从句作主语What we need is food. 我们最需要的是食物.▲ 在“There be …”句型中,主语的位置在中间.如:There are some bottles of milk in the box.▲ 在个别句型中,主语在整个句子后面,这时前面用it作形式主语.如: It is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick”. It took two workers about three months to build the house.2.谓语谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”,谓语必须是动词,谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致.如:He is very generous.She looks very smart and coolWe he finished the job.He can speak German.3.表语 表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当,它的位置在系动词后面. 形容词作表语You look younger than before. 名词作表语 My father is a teacher. 副词作表语Everyone is here.介词短语作表语They are at the theatre.不定式作表语My job is to teach them English.动名词作表语Her job is training the nurses.从句作表语That is why he didn’t come to school yesterday.4.宾语▲宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当,它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么,通常放在谓语动词后面.有时,会有双宾语.如:名词作宾语He never forgives others for their mistakes.代词做宾语He often helps me.不定式作宾语He likes to sleep in the open air.动名词作宾语The Americans enjoyed living in China.从句做宾语I believe that they can finish the work in time.▲直接宾语和间接宾语及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语,宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语是及物动词的对象.但有些动词除了直接宾语外,还需要有一个间接宾语,间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的,所以只能用名词或代词来充当.如:We brought them some food.主 谓 间宾 直宾间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面,但必须加to 或 for.5.宾语的补足语 在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思.我们把“宾语+宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语.复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思.名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如:名词作宾补If you let me go, I’ll make you king.形容词作宾补Don’t make your hands dirty.副词作宾补We found Li Ming out when we arrived.介词短语作宾补Make yourself at home.省略to的不定式作宾补I saw a girl go into the building.带to的不定式作宾补The boy ordered the dog to lie down.现在分词作宾补The boss kept them working all day.过去分词作宾补Yesterday he got his leg broken.在英语中,常见的“宾语+宾语补足语”的结构有:▲“宾语+名词”.常用于改结构的动词有:call, name, make, find, choose, think, lee等. We call him Jack. They made Li Lei their monitor.▲“宾语+形容词”.常见的动词有think, believe, lee, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等.如:Do you think his idea wrong?We must keep our classroom clean.We can’t lee him alone.Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday?▲“宾语+副词”.副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态,与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系.常见的副词有:down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等.如: Let him in/ out. Mr. Li drove us home.When got there, we found him out.▲“宾语+介词短语”.介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语(即宾语)所处的状态,两者有主表的关系.如: We found everything in good order. We regard him as our good friend.He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain.▲“宾语+不定式”.充当宾补的不定式有三种: A 要求带to的不定式The cool water of the lake invited us to swim. B 要求不带to 的不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch等 The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day. I often hear him read English in his room. C 单词help 后可加 to 或不加 to She sometimes helps her mother (to) do housework.▲“宾语+现在分词”.现在分词作宾补,此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语,有着主谓关系. I saw them playing on the playground.I heard Mary singing in the classroom.▲“宾语+过去分词”.宾语和宾补之间是被动关系,过去分词表示被动和完成. I had my bike stolen. The teacher explained again and again to make himself understood.▲ 形式宾语+形容词 We found it impossible to get there before Saturday.▲宾语+what 从句Call me what you like.Mr. Li has made the factory what it is today.The mountain village is different from what it was ten years ago.6.定语▲ 定语用来修饰名词或代词.形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语.因为它是修饰名词或代词的,而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语,所以定语的位置很灵活,凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语.如: 形容词作定语 The black bike is mine. 代词作定语 What’s your name?名词作定语They made some paper flowers.介词短语作定语 The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One.不定式作短语 I he lots to eat and drink.从句作定语 The tall boy who is standing there is Peter.▲ 在英语中,并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面,有的是放在被修饰词的后面,故称“后置定语”.▲ 修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置.如: We’ll go to he something English. If you don’t know the answer, ask someone else. Do you he anything important to tell me?▲介词短语作定语时要后置.如: Do you know the boy behind the tree?

The students in the room are all my friends. I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right.▲动词的不定式作定语时要后置 What about something to drink? I he no time to trel to China is in Autumn or in Spring.注 动词不定式作主语时,to 后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语.如果时短语时,那么与动词搭配的介词或副词是不能少的. Do you he any piece of music to listen to? ▲nearby, below, downstairs等个别方位词作定语时要后置.如:We are at the top of the hill. Can you see the village below?The people downstairs are listening to a talk now?They took the boy to the hospital nearby at once.7.状语 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词.它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式,从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当.状语一般放在句末,但有时也可以放在句首、句中.如: He did it carefully They missed me very much. Without his help, we couldn’t work it out. In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard. When I was young, I could swim well.

英语基本语法例如句子的基本结构

简单说,句子成分可以分为基本成分、附属成分、独立成分、省略成分和连接成分5类。

一、基本成分:

根据结构,可以分为5类。

① 主语+不及物动词:

John came.

② 主语+及物动词+宾语:

John likes les.

③ 主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语:

John ge Mary books.

④ 主语+系动词+主语补语:

John is hy.

⑤ 主语+宾补动词+宾语+宾语补语:

John makes Mary angry.

主语、不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。如果把任何一个成分删除,都会成为病句。完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分,至多4个基本成分。

二、附属成分:

基本成分可以加修饰语:

① 定语(即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句):

Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearby.

② 状语(即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句):

Whenever he gets drunk,John makes Mary very angry.

这类句子,即使把修饰语去掉,结构仍是完整的。这种修饰语,可能在意思上很重要,但在结构上不影响句子的完整性,因此称作附属成分。

三、独立成分

句中还有一类成分,可以去掉,不影响句子的完整性,并和句子的其他词没有语法的关系,可以称作独立成分。

Oh!What a surprise!(惊叹词)

Come here, John.(称呼语)

四、省略成分

此外还有一类被省略的成分,虽然没有说出来,却在句中表示一定的意思:

(You)Come here.

(I wish you)Good luck!

五、连接成分

最后还有连接成分,它实际上是一个并列连词,用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。

总之,一个完整的句子(从句或分句)必须包含2个到4个基本成分,此外,如果意思上有需要,还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分

英语中所有的句子成分有哪些?所有啊

一.主语:主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme), 是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。

1.名词作主语。 如:A tree has fallen across the road. (一棵树倒下横在路上。)

Little streams feed big rivers. ( 小河流入大江。)

2.代词用作主语。如:You’re not far wrong. (你差不多对了)。

He told a joke but it fell flat. (他说了个笑话,但没有引人发笑

3.数词用作主语。如:Three is enough. 三个就够了。

Four from seven lees three. 7减4余3。

4.名词化的形容词用作主语。

The idle are forced to work. 懒汉被迫劳动。

Old and young marched side by side. 老少并肩而行。

5.副词用作主语。如:Now is the time. 现在是时候了。

Carefully does it. 小心就行。

6.名词化的介词作主语。如:The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come.

我们必须承受人生之沉浮。

7.不定式用作主语。 如:To find your way can be a problem.你能否找到路可能是一个问题。

It would be nice to see him again.

如能见到他,那将是一件愉快的事。

8. 动名词用作主语。如:Smoking is bad for you. 吸烟对你有害。

Watching a film is pleasure, making one is hard work.

看**是乐事, 制作影片则是苦事。

9. 名词化的过去分词用作主语。如:The disabled are to receive more money.

残疾人将得到更多的救济金。

The deceased died of old age.

死者死于年老。

10. 介词短语用作主语。如:To Beijing is not very far. 到北京不很远。From Yenan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback.

从延安到南泥湾要三个小时。

11.从句用作主语。如: Whenever you are ready will be fine.

你无论什么时候准备好都行。

Because Sally wants to lee doesn’t mean that we he to.

不能说萨利要走因而我们也得走。

12.句子用作主语。如:”How do you do ?” is a greeting.“你好”是一句问候语。

二.谓语

谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词+主要动词)构成。

1.由简单的动词构成。

(1). What hened? 发生了什么事?

(2). He worked hard all day today. 他今天苦干了一天。

(3). The plane took off at ten o’clock. 飞机是十点起飞的。

2.由动词短语构成的谓语。

(1). I am reading. 我在看书。

(2). What’s been keeping you all this time? 这半天你在干什么来着?

(3). You can do it if you try hard. 你努力就可以做到。

3.英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词,表生动。这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词he, get, take, give 等。如:

(1). I had a swim yesterday. 我昨天游了一次水(had a swim 代替了swam)

(2). Take a look at that! 你看看那个!(take a look 代替了 look)

(3). He ge a sigh. 他叹了口气。(ge a sigh 代替了sighed)

(4). I got a good shake-up.我受到了很大的震动。(a good shake-up 代替了was shaken up thoroughly(充分,彻底的))

三.表语

表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于联系动词之后,与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构钟,联系动词只是形式上的谓语,二真正起谓语作用的则是表语。可以作表语的词有:名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。

1.The wedding was that Sunday. 婚礼是在那个星期天举行的。(名词)

2.So that’s that. 就是这样。(代词)

3.We are seven. 我们一共7人。(数词)

4.Are you busy? 你有空吗?(形容词)

5.Are you there? 你在听吗?(电话用语)(副词)

Is anybody in? 里面有人吗? (副词)

6.All I could do was to wait. 我只能等待。(不定式)

My answer to his threat(威胁) was to hit him on the nose.

我对他的威胁的回答是照他的鼻子打去。(不定式)

7.Complimenting(赞美,祝贺) is lying. 恭维就是说谎。(动名词)

Is that asking so much? 这是要的高了吗?(动名词)

8.I was so much surprised at it. 我对此事感到很惊讶。(过分)

I’m very pleased with what he has done. 我对他所做的很满意。(过分)

9.She is in good health. 她很健康。(介词短语)

The show is from seven till ten. 演出时间为7点至10点。(介词短语)

10.Is that why you were angry? 这就是你发怒的原因吗?(从句)

11.This is where I first met her. 这就是我初次与她会面的地方。(从句)

补充:

能做系动词的实义动词:

come , go , run, turn ,get , become , keep , stay , make (表变化的动词)

fell,sound ,smell , look , taste (感观动词)

seem, ear (似乎,好像)

例如:

1.Our dream has come true. 我的梦想实现了。(Come后常加 easy ,loose natural 等)

2. He fell sick. 他病了。

Keep fit.保重。

Keep作为系动词还常接quiet ,calm ,cool, well, warm ,silent,clean,dry

3.The well ran dry. 这口井干枯了。(short , loose , wild , cold 等)

4.A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is.

一个瘦个子似乎比他的实际高度要高些。

四.宾语

宾语(object)在句中主要充当动作的承受者,因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。如:

Our team beat all the others. 我们的球队打败了所有其他球队。

可以用作宾语的有:名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等。

1.Do you fancy a drink? 你想喝一杯吗?(名词)

2.They won’t hurt us. 他们不会伤害我们。(代词)

3.If you add 5 to 5, you get 10. 5加5等于10。(数词)。

4.I shall do my possible. 我将尽力而为。(名词化形容词)

5.He left there last week. 他上个星期离开了那里。(副词)

6.Does she really mean to lee home? 她真的要离开家吗?(不定式)

7.He never did the unexpected(想不到的,意外的).

他从不做使人感到意外的事。(名词化的分词)

8.Do you understand what I mean? 你明白我的意思吗?(从句)

扩展:

宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语,即直接宾语(direct object)与间接宾语(indirect object)。直接宾语一般指动作的承受者,间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人和物(多指人),具有这种双宾语的及物动词叫做与格动词(dative verb), 常用的有:answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, lee, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, se, sell, send, show, sing, take 等,间接宾语一般须与直接宾语连用,通常放在直接宾语之前。如:I he found him a place. 我给他找到了一个职位。

五.补语

补语(complement)是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语(subject complement),补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语(object complement).

(1). 容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前,后有逗号。

Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. 我又累又困,就去睡了。

有时可以置于主语之后,前后都有逗号,与非限定性定语相似。如:

The man, cruel beyond belief, didn’t listen to their pleadings.

那人不可置疑地残酷,不听取他们的恳求。

(2).可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等

1.They named the child Jimmy. 他们将孩子命名为吉米。(名词用作并与补语)

2.My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister.

我的母亲面很嫩,你会以为她是我的姐姐(名词短语作宾语补语)

3. He boiled the egg hard. 她将鸡蛋煮老了。(形容词用作宾语补语)

3.I found the book very interesting.我发现那本书很有趣。(形容词短语用作宾补)

4.The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover.

同志们要白求恩大夫隐蔽一下。(不定式用作宾语补语)

5.I call this rog Peter to pay Paul.我把这个叫做拆东墙补西墙。(动名作宾补

6.Don’t take his kindness for granted.不要把他的友善看作是当然的事。

六.定语

定语是用来说明名词(代词)的品质与特征的词或一组词。可用作定语的有:形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句和句子等。

1.形容词用作定语是大量的。

(1). She is a natural musician. 她是一位天生的音乐家。

(2). He must be the best violinist alive.他一定是最好的在世的小提琴手了。(后置定语)

2. 名词用作定语。如

(1). A baby girl 女婴

(2). well water 井水

(3). Sports car 双座轻型汽车

(4). A fool’s paradise 梦幻的天堂

2.代词作定语。

(1). Your hair needs cutting. 你该理发了。(物主代词用作定语)

(2). Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. 负责就是无人负责。

(不定代词所有格作定语)

3.数词作定语

(1). There’s only one way to do it. 做此事只有一法。

(2). Do it now, you may not get a second chance.

现在就干吧,你可能再没有机会了。

基数词用作后置定语: page 24 Room 201 the year 1949

4. 副词充当定语时常后置,如:

the room above 楼上的房间 the world today 今日世界

the way out 出路 a day off 休息日

5.不定式用作定语

(1). Her promise to write was forgotten.她忘记了答应写信的事。

(2). That’s the way to do it.那正是做此事的方法。

6.动名词用作定语.

A walking stick 拐杖 sleeping pills 安眠药

eating implements 吃饭用具 learning method 学习方法

7.分词充当定语

a sleeping child 正在睡中的小孩 a drinking man 嗜酒者

a retired worker 一个退休工人 a faded flower 一朵谢了的花

7.介词短语用作定语。

(1). This is a map of China. 这是一幅中国地图。

(2). The wild look in his eyes spoke plainer than words.

他那凶暴的目光说明得再清楚不过了。

8.从句用作定语,即定语从句

The car that’s parked outside is mine. 停在外面的车是我的。

Your car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one.

我在外面看见你的汽车了,它给另一辆车撞了。

七.同谓语

当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分,前者就叫做后者的同谓语(ositive).这两个句子成分多由名词(代词)担任,同谓语通常皆放在其说明的名词(代词)之后。

1.名词用作同谓语是大量的。

(1). We he two children, a boy and a girl.我们有两个孩子,一男一女。

(2)We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country. 我们中国人民决心将中国建成一个强大的繁荣的国家。

2.代词用作同谓语。

(1)。They all wanted to see him. 他们都想见他。

(2)。Let’s you and me go to work, Oliver. 咱们俩去工作吧。

3.数词用作同谓语。

(1)。Are you two ready?你们俩准备好了吗?

(2)。They two went, we three stayed behind.他们俩去了,我们三个留了下来。

4.不定式与动名词用作同谓语。

(1)。Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has met with some opposition.他们最近提出了集中全力于初等教育的提议遭到了某些人的反对。

(2)。The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down.

第一个是夜袭,被拒绝了。

5.Of 短语用作同谓语

The city of Rome 罗马城 the art of writing 写作艺术

The vice of smoking 吸烟嗜好

6.从句用同谓语,即同谓语重句

(1)。The news that we are hing a holiday tomorrow is not true.

明天放的消息不确。

(2)。We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.

我们不是在调查他是否可信赖的问题。

八.状语

状语(adverbial)是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。。如:

1.The girl is improving remarkably. 这个女孩大有进步。

2.可用作状语的有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。

(1)。副词最常用作状语,位置比较灵活,可置句末、句首和句中。

He speaks the language badly but read it well.

这种语言,他讲得不好,但阅读能力很强。

Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors.

当我们期望旅馆的旅客把房门锁上。

3.状语按用途来分,可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等

(1)。时间状语,多位于句末和句首,有时亦可置于句中

Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow?

In China now leads the world.

(2).地点状语,多置于句末,有时也位于句首和句中。

There are plenty of fish in the sea.

She kissed her mother on the platform(月台).

(3)。原因状语,包括表理由的状语,多置于句末,有时亦可置于句首。

Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job.

I eat potatoes because I like them.

(4). 结果状语,多由不定式、分词和从句表示,常位于句末。

She woke(醒) suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway.

She spoke so softly that I couldn’t hear what she said.

(5). 目的状语,多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示,常位于句末,强调时可以置于句首。

He ran for shelter(隐蔽处).他跑去避雨。

In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder.

(6). 条件状语。多由短语和从句表示,常置于句末和句首。

We’ll be lucky to get there before dark.

If he were to come, what should we say to him?

(7). 让步状语,由短语和从句表示,常置于句末和句首。

For all his money, he didn’t seem hy. 他尽管有钱,但似乎并不幸福。

He helped me although he didn’t know me.

(8).程度状语。常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。

The lecture is very interesting.

To what extent would you trust them? 你对他们信任程度如何?

(9)。伴随状语,常由短语和独立主格等表示。对位于句末和句首。

My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten.

He stood there ,pipe(烟斗) in mouth.

如何分析英语中一句子的结构,如名词作主语之类的?

一.主语:主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme), 是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有单词、短语、从句乃至句子。

二.谓语

谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词+主要动词)构成。

三.表语

表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于联系动词之后,与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构钟,联系动词只是形式上的谓语,二真正起谓语作用的则是表语。可以作表语的词有:名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。

四.宾语

宾语(object)在句中主要充当动作的承受者,因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。

五.补语

补语(complement)是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语(subject complement),补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语(object complement).

六.定语

定语是用来说明名词(代词)的品质与特征的词或一组词。可用作定语的有:形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句和句子等。

七.同谓语

当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分,前者就叫做后者的同谓语(ositive).这两个句子成分多由名词(代词)担任,同谓语通常皆放在其说明的名词(代词)之后。

八.状语

状语(adverbial)是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。

英语的句子有6种基本结构。

1.主语+系动词+表语(A is B.)

2.主语+及物动词(谓语)+宾语(A does B.)

3.主语+不及物动词(A lees.)

4.主语+及物动词+双宾语(间接宾语指人,直接宾语指物)(A gives B something.)

5.主语+及物动词+复合宾语(即宾语+宾语补足语)(A tells B to do something)

6.There+系动词+主语(There is a man.)

句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的,表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成,即主语部分和谓语部分,这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语,定语,状语,表语等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。1)主语:是一句的主体,是全句述说的对象,常用名词,数词或代词担任,一般放于句首。如:Students study. (学生学习。) We are friends.(我们是朋友)这两句话中单词students是个名词,we是代词,它们在句中做主语。 2)谓语:是对主语加以陈述,表示主语的行为或状态,常用动词或者动词词组担任,放在主语的后面。如: Students study. (学生学习。)We are friends. (我们是朋友)这两句话中单词study和are都是动词,study叫做实意动词,are叫做be动词,它们在句中作谓语。3)宾语:表示行为的对象,常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如:They are teachers. ( 他们是老师。)I play with him. (我和他一起玩。)这两句话中单词teachers是名词,单词him是带词,它们在句中作宾语。4)定语:是用来说明或者限制名词的成分,常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。形容词放在名词之前,相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面。如:This is a red sun.(这是个红太阳.)He is a tall boy.(他是个高个子男孩。)这两句话中单词red和 tall都是形容词,它们作定语。5)状语是用来说明动词,形容词,副词或整个句子的成分。常由副词担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前,也可以放在动词之后;修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。如:The students study hard. (这些学生学习努力。)I often write to him. (我常给他写信。)The bag is too hey. (这个书包太重了。)这三句话中单词hard 和often修饰的都是动词,第三句话中单词too修饰的是形容词,它们都作状语。6)表语:用来说明主语的性质或状态。一般由名词或者形容词担任。如:This table is long. (这个桌子是长的。)通常情况下,主语和宾语前的成分是定语,谓语前的成分是状语,时间词作状语放在句子后面。句子的成分分布如下:(定语) 主语 (状语) 谓语 (定语) 宾语 (状语)如:(The tall) boy (often) go (to the big) zoo.(The hy) child --- went (his) home yesterday. 请分析下面句子的结构说出各个成分1)I he two elder sisters. (我有两个姐姐。)2) They don't swim very well.(他们游泳不太好。)3) Do you go to school every day? (你每天去上学吗?)4) I really want a cup of tea.(我真的想要一杯茶。) 5) Miss Smith teaches English very well.(史密斯先生教英语非常好。)语法其实并没有一些人想象的那么可怕,其实里面有很多趣味。 第一讲 英语句子成分WARM-UP:1)The teacher in the classroom. 2)Sang many songs and danced hily. 3)She attracts. 4)Many people living in the country. 5)All the books on the desk over there.以上这些形式都不能构成英语句子。英语句子(sentence)=主语+谓语(核心:主动词)英语句子成分歌英语句子八呀八大块, 主谓宾表真呀真实在;补语跟着宾语表语跑, 定语同位(语)专把名词踹。状语的位置它自由自在, 忽右忽左随心所欲摆。浑身的毛病真呀真不少, 前后乱窜它还会加塞。(RAP)I.八大成分的概念和构成1.主语(名词代词形):句子的主体,是谓语陈述,说明的对象。If you want the rainbow you he to put up with the rain.不经历风雨,怎么见彩虹。The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching.成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始,并要坚持不断磨练。充当主语的形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)名词从句5)数词6)不定式7)-ing形式8)介词短语(少见) 形式主语(名词从句,不定式,动名词)(见第六讲主语和宾语)2.谓语:表示主语的行为或进行的活动。I he a dream.You don’t always want what you need, or need what you want.所需之物未必皆所欲,所欲未必皆所需。谓语形式:动词(英语句子的灵魂)3.宾语:行为或活动的对象,接受者或受影响者。You don’t find opportunities…you make them.你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。You probably won’t hear opportunity knock if your television is always on.如果你常开着电视,你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。充当宾语形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)名词从句5)数词6)不定式7)-ing形式 形式宾语(名词从句,不定式,动名词)(见第六讲主语和宾语)4.表语:说明主语的身份和情况。(跟在系动词后)Time is money.Three o’clock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do.你想做什么事,三点钟总是太早或太迟。构成形式:1)名词2)形容词3)代词4)数词5)不定式6)ing形式7)过去分词8)副词9)介词短语10)小品词11)名词从句5.补语:补充说明。(由动词类别来决定)构成形式:1)名词2)代词3)形容词4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)过去分词8)介词短语9)副词小品词10)名词从句主语补语Tom was made monitor.宾语补语I made Tom monitor.表语补语I am sure to succeed.6. 定语:对名词性形式进行范围限定。7. This is beautiful music.There are only two kinds of music…good and bad.自古音乐分两种,好的和坏的。构成形式:1)限定词2)形容词3)名词4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)过去分词8)介词短语9)副词10)关系从句8. 同位语:对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释。Puff, the magic dragon, lived by the sea.构成形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)名词从句9. 状语:修饰词,短语,从句和整句。位置:自由自在。1)修饰性状语:修饰动词,形容词,副词等(时间,地点,肯定,否定,程度,频度,方式,伴随,原因,目的,比较等)。Can you feel the love tonight?Home never looks so good as when you come back from getting away from it.只有出走又回家时,家才最感亲切。2)连接性状语:连接上下文(顺序,递进,转折,让步,结果,推论,比较)。First comes spring, then summer.I’ve never been to America, therefore I don’t know much about it.3)评述性状语:修饰整个句子,表示说话人的看法或态度。Frankly speaking, the food is not very good.II.成分关系1.补语跟着宾语表语跑:补语跟在宾语和补语的后面构成宾补和表补。把有宾补的句子变成被动语态,则宾补就变成了主补。To love others makes us hy…to love ourselves makes us lonely.(宾补)We are made hy to love others…we are made lonely to love ourselves.(主补)爱他人使我们幸福,在自己使我们孤单。2.定语,同位(语)专把名词踹:定语,同位语修饰名词性形式Experience is the best teacher.(被定语所修饰的形式为名词)They are going to Melbourne, the beautiful city in southern Australia.(同位语所修饰的形式为名词)3.谓语动词由状语修饰When you reach for the stars, you may not quite get one, but you won’t come up with a handful of sand either.你想摘下天上的星星,可能一个也摘不下;但也不会一无所获。1、主语:(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的。如:The painter painted a very nice picture. (画家画了一幅漂亮的画。) / They fought against SARS brely. (他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。) / To see is to believe. (耳听为虚眼见为实). / Helping animals is to help people. (帮助动物就是帮助人类。)(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如:It is very comfortable to he a Class A seat during the long journey. (在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多对你的身体不利。)(3)口语中常见主语或“主--系”省略:(It is) nothing. ((那)没有什么。)/ (It) doesn’t matter. ((那)没有关系。) / (I) thank you. ((我)谢谢你。)(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词:The man looks worried,doesn’t he? (这个人看上去很着急不是吗?) / Tigers are dangerous animals, aren’t they? (老虎是危险的动物不是吗?)(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。) (省略了主语) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去给我弄一杯水来。)(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾;倒装句及there be句型主语在动词之后。如:Computers are made in this factory. (计算机生产于这家工厂。) / Where are they? (他们在哪儿?) / Does the boy like staying home? (这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗?)(7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都没有通过考试。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and bre people. (中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。)(8)主语可以由从句充当,详见“主语从句”。2、谓语:(1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。如:He trelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语?) / The pizza has gone bad. (那块烤馅饼已经变坏。) / (2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成:[情态动词]+[时态助动词]+[语态助动词]+[主要动词](不一定全部出现)。(见动词的时态和语态构成表) 记住:谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如:I am sorry I am making so much noise but I he to. (对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。) / He can’t he finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能读完了那本长达800页的。) / Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (该取措施防止禽流感蔓延。) (3)谓语动词切忌用“行为动词1 + 原形动词”、“be + 原形动词”。记住使用下列正确形式:①情态动词+原形动词。如:You’d better go over the lesson.(你最好复习这一课。)②shall/ will/ would+原形动词。如:They should he been there once.(他们应该去过那儿。)③be+现在分词或者过去分词。如:What are you doing this evening?(今晚你打算做什么?)/ Many trees he been cut down since 10s.(自从20世纪70年代大批树木被砍伐。)④he+过去分词。如:Many trees he been cut down since 10s.(意思同上)⑤一般时问句和否定句中:do/does/did+原形动词。如:He does not enjoy himself very much.(他日子过的不好。)/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?(你们当中有谁见过恐龙蛋吗?)⑥行为动词1+行为动词2 (不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词等形式)。如:He made up his mind to be a vet.(他拿定主意要做个兽医。)/ Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life.(自尊自爱是享受生活的根本。)/ They wake up the other family members, calling,“Merry Christmas!”(他们叫醒家庭的其他成员,呼喊着:圣诞快乐!)/ The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.(古代的埃及国王让人给他们自己修建坚固的坟墓。) (4)不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等独立作谓语,必须在此之前加连系动词。(5)谓语动词单复数形式:单数形式的动词有:is,was,has,does以及“动词+s”;复数形式的动词有:are,were,he以及动词原形。其他动词不分单、复数。谓语部分第一个动词的形式单数形式复数形式