英语七种句子结构形式是什么_英语七种句子结构形式
1.英语语法的句型结构
2.英语句子结构分析
3.英语 7种 基本句型
4.英语结构的五大形式
英语句子的八大基本结构:
1.第一种句型:主-谓(SV)
这种句型里的谓语一般是不及物动词,后面可以跟状语。
例Everybody went.
2.第二种句型:主-系-表(LSP)
前面第一句分析时有分享过这种句型里的系动词的用法,系动词在形式上是一种谓语动词,而表语实际是主语的补语,所以一般也将这种结构叫做“主-谓-补”(SVC)
例The leaves are yellow.
3.第三种句型:主-谓-宾(SVO)
在这种句型里,谓语一般是及物动词,后面要跟宾语,这里的宾语一般都是直接宾语。宾语可以由名词、代语、数词、动名词、分词、不定式或从句来充当。
例The house caught fire.
4.第四种句型:主-谓-宾(直接)-宾(间接)(SVOO)
这个句子里涉及到两个宾语,所以谓语动词必须是可有双宾语的及物动词,也就是传说中的与格动词。
何谓与格动词?有解释说“它是直接宾语与间接宾语的不完全及物动词,有把某物从一个人转移给另一个人的意思”。直白一点就是谁把什么东西给了谁等类似的意思。直接宾语常指物,间接宾语常指人,相关的动词有give, provide, buy, write, ask等。
例I gave my son the book. 我把书给了我儿子。give就是与格动词,后跟两个宾语my son, the book.
5.第五个句型:主-谓-宾-宾补(SVOC)
在该句型里,宾语补足语与宾语一起组合构成复合宾语,要求谓语必须是可以带复合宾语的及物动词,如find, hold, let, heard等。
例I found the project difficult. difficult就是宾语project的补足语.
6.There be句型
There+be+主语+状语
这个句型其实属于倒装的一种,主语后置,there作为引导词,无实际意义。
例如:There are many children in the park.
7.主语+谓语+状语
这个句型是在主谓结构后通过状语对语义进行修饰补充,充当状语的一般是副词、介词短语等。
例如:She arrives early.
8.主语+谓语+宾语+状语
这个句型是在主谓宾结构后面通过状语进行修饰补充。
例如:I drive my car everyday.
英语语法的句型结构
英语句子结构及五种基本句型如下:
1、Subject (主语)+ Verb (谓语);
2、Subject (主语)+ Link. V(系动词)+ Predicate(表语);
3、Subject(主语)+ Verb (谓语)+ Object (宾语);
4、Subject(主语)+Verb(谓语)+ Indirect object(间接宾语)+Direct object (直接宾语);
5、Subject(主语)+Verb (动词)+Object (宾语)+Complement(补语)。
例句
1、Everybody laughed.
大家都笑了。
2、I love apples.
我喜欢苹果。
3、The apple pie tastes really delicious.
苹果派吃起来真是好吃。
4、I gave him my address.
我告诉他我的地址。
5、I find the clock broken.
我看到钟表坏了。
英语句子结构分析
句子按其结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。 基本形式:简单句的基本形式是由一个主语加一个谓语构成。其它各种句子形式都是由此句型发展而来,如五大基本句型:
(1)主语+谓语(s.+predicate)
这种句型简称为主谓结构,其谓语一般都是不及物动词,例:
Things change.事物是变化的。
Nobody went.没有人去。
--Did you go by sea?你们走的是海路吗?
--NO,we flew.不,我们是飞去。
(2)主语+系动词+表语(s.+link v.+predicative)
这种句型称为主系表结构,其实联系动词在形式上也是一种谓语动词,系动词与表语一起构成了复合谓语,例:
Mr. Turner is an artist.特纳先生是位画家。
(3)主语+谓语+宾语(s.+predicate+o.)
这种句型可称为主谓宾结构,它的谓语一般多是及物动词,例:
We never beat children.我们从来不打孩子。
(4)主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(s.+predicate+oi.+od.)
这种句型可称为主谓宾宾结构,其谓语应是可有双宾语的及物动词,两个宾语一个是间接宾语,一个是直接宾语,例:
He gave the book to his sister.他把这本书给了他的妹妹。
(5)主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语(s.+predicate+o.+o.c.)
这种句型可简称为主谓宾补结构,其补语是宾语补语,与宾语一起即构成复合宾语,例:
I found the book easy.我发现这本书不难。(形容词easy作补语)
I'll let him go.我将让他去。(不定式go用作补语)
注意:有时两个或更多的并列主语拥有一个共同的谓语,甚至并列有两个主语和两个谓语,这样的句子仍然是简单句,例:
China and other countries in the east Asia are developing rapidly.中国和东亚其它国家正在迅速地发展。(China and other countries并列主语)
Mr. Wang and I often work together and help each other.王先生和我常在一起工作互相帮助。 复杂句(Complex Sentence)由一个主句(Principal Clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause)构成。
主句是全句的主体,通常可以独立存在;从句则是一个句子成分,不能独立存在。
从句不能单独成句,但它也有主语部分和谓语部分,就像一个句子一样。所不同在于,从句须由一个关联词(connective)引导。
从句
名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Noun Clauses)。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如:
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。
如果what-分句本身明显表示复数意义,比如what分句的动词和补语都是复数,那么主句动词也可用复数。
如:What I say and think are none of your business.(我说的和我想的都与你无关。)注意:当what引导的名词性分句作主语时,主谓一致问题极为复杂。著名学者周海中教授在论文《关于what-分句作主语的主谓一致问题》中就这一问题做了深入研究,并给出了10种的主谓一致关系。这些一致关系值得英语学习者和使用者特别注意。
有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下:
⑴It + be + 名词+ that从句
⑵It + be + 形容词+ that从句
⑶It + be + 动词的过去分词+ that从句
⑷It +不及物动词+ that 从句
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有:
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
宾语从句
名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如:
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。
注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如:
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。
2.用who, whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如:
I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。
3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:
a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c. 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如:
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用
不同时态。例如:
he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时)
he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时)
I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时)
he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时)
当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如:
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.
5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如:
We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。
表语从句
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于联系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语+ 系动词+ that从句。例如:
The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。
This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如:
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.
注意whether 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。
同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如:
The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别:
that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略;that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。
试比较下面两个例句:
I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略)
Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略)
其他从句
that从句
5.1)由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语,例如:
主语:That she is still alive is her luck. 她还活着全靠运气。
宾语:John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
表语:The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是最近谁也没有见过他。
同位语:The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
最近谁也没有见过他,这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
形容词宾语:I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
5.2)That-从句做主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末,例如:
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。
It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系:
a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that… 重要的是……
It is obvious that… 很明显……
b. It + be + -ed分词+ that-从句
It is believed that… 人们相信……
It is known to all that… 众所周知……
It has been decided that… 已决定……
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识
It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that… 事实是……
d. It +不及物动词+ that-从句
It appears that… 似乎……
It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
wh-从句
6.1)由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom, whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等,例如:
主语:How the book will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。
直接宾语:In one's own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。
间接宾语:The club will give whoever wins a prize.
俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。
表语:My question is who will take over president of the Foundation. 我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。
宾语补足语:She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。
同位语: I have no idea when he will return.
我不知道他什么时候回来。
形容词宾语:I'm not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。
介词宾语:That depends on where we shall go.
那取决于我们去哪儿。
6.2)Wh-从句做主语也常用先行词it做形式主语,而将wh-从句置于句末,例如:
It is not yet decided who will do that job.
还没决定谁做这项工作。
It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 他们何时结婚依然不明。
if,whether从句
7.1)yes-no型疑问从句
从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的,因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句,其功能和wh-从句的功能相同, 例如:
主语:Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有等证实。
宾语:Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday. 请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。
表语:The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
同位语:They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. 他们调查他是否值得信赖。
形容词宾语:She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come. 她怀疑我们是否能够前来。
介词宾语:I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。
7.2)选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whether…or not构成,例如:
Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。
I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。
if和whether的区别:
1、 在动词不定式之前只能用whether。如:
例8 I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。
2、 在whether …… or not 的固定搭配中。如:
例9 I want to know whether it’s good news or not . 我想知道是否是好消息。
3 、在介词后,只能用whether。如:
例10 His father is worried about whether he lose his work . 他的父亲担心是否会失去工作。
4、宾语从句放在句首表示强调时,只能用whether。如:
Whether this is true or not, I really don’t know. 这是否真的,我真的不知道。
(例11 Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem . 他们是否能准时完成这项工作还是个问题。--此例为主语从句,有误,感谢指出)
5、用if会引起歧义时,只用whether。如:
例12 Could you tell me if you know the answer
这句话有两种意思:“你能告诉我是否知道答案吗?”或“如果你知道答案,请告诉我,好吗?”。如用whether可避免歧义。
形容词性从句
定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。
含义:在定语的位置上是个句子。
why
关系副词why主要用于修饰表原因的名词(主要是the reason),同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。如:
We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up. 我们不知道他为什么没有来。
She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the offer. 她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原因。
与关系副词when和where不同,why可以换成that或省略。如:
That’s one of the reasons (why, that) I asked you to come. 这就是我请你来的原因之一。
另外,与关系副词when和where可以引导非限制性定语从句不一样,why只能引导限制性定语从句,不能引导非限制性定语从句。如:
他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。
误:The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.
正:The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.
when
关系副词when主要用于修饰表时间的名词,同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。如:
There comes a time when you have to make a choice. 你必须作出抉择的时候到了。
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked. 他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。
We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们将把野餐推迟到下星期,那时天气可能会好一点。
注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词,就以为一定要用关系副词when来引导定语从句,同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作时间状语,就用when;如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语,而是用作主语或宾语,那就不能用when,而要用that, which等。如:
Don’t forget the time (that, which) I’ve told you. 不要忘记我告诉你的时间。
关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语,正因为是用作宾语,所以也可以省略。
where
关系副词where主要用于修饰表地点的名词,同时它在定语从句中用作地点状语。如:
This is the village where he was born. 这就是他出生的村子。
That’s the hotel where we were staying last summer. 这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。
Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus.巴巴拉在奥伯里工作,每天得坐公共汽车去上班。
与前面when的情况一样,注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词,就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句,同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分——如果在定语从句中用作地点状语,就用where;如果在定语从句中不是用作地点状语,而是用作主语或宾语,那就不能用where,而要用that, which等。如:
He works in a factory that [which] makes TV sets. 他在一家电视机厂工作。
关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作主语。
另外注意,where有时还可用于抽象名词后引导定语从句。如:
We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我们到了必须改一改的地步。
There are cases where the word “mighty”is used as an adverb. 在一些情况下,mighty一词可用作副词。
He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. 他陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。
I don’t want a job where I’m chained to a desk all day. 我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工作。
英语 7种 基本句型
简单句的句子结构,有5种。
一:S+V (主+谓)
二:S+V+P (主+系+表)
三:S+V+O (主+谓+宾)
四:S+V+IO+DO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)
五:S+V+DO+OC (主+谓+宾+宾补)
1. 主 + 谓(S+V)
“主语+谓语”
名词/代词/不定式/动名词 + 动词
谓语动词可以表达完整的意思,这类动词为不及物动词(vi)。
如果不理解什么是不及物动词,请移步
例句:
So?I?do, master. (Pat a cake)
Little Robin?chirped?and?sang.(Robin Redbreast)
2.主+系+表(S+V+P)
主语 +系动词 +表语
表语说明主语的状态和性质,可以是名词,形容词,副词,短语等。
系动词包括:
a. be 动词,am, is, are, was, were;
b. 表感官:feel, smell, sound, taste, look;
c. 表变化:become, grow, turn, go, get, fall;
d. 表状态:remain, keep, hold, stay, seem.
例句:
I'm?always?alone. (Little Jumping Joan)
The storms?grow?stronger.?(Lightening Days)
He?was?so?small. (Jerry Hall)
3. 主+谓+宾(S+V+O)
主语+谓语+宾语
谓语一般为及物动词(vt.),后面必须要跟宾语才能表达完整的意思。宾语是谓语动词动作的承受者。
例句:
They broke?my pitcher,?and?spilt?the water,?and?huffed?my mother,?and?chid?her?daughter,?and?kissed?my sister?instead of me. (A Melancholy Song)
I?met?a man?with seven wives. (Going to ST.ives)
We'll?have?a pudding?in half an hour. (Come out to Play)
March winds?and?April showersbring?forth?May flowers. (March winds)
(感谢?
@祁思言
的指正,这句应该放这里)
4. 主+谓+间宾+直宾
S+V+IO+O
这种句型,谓语动词必须要跟两个宾语才能表达完整意思。两个宾语分别是动作的直接承受者(一般是物)和间接承受者(一般是人)。
e.g.,
give sb sth = give sth to sb
tell sb sth = tell sth to sb
例句:
I'll?give?you?some bread,?and?some milk?by-and-by. (Baby Dolly)
She?passed him the salt. (感谢?
@elephant dick
的提醒,之前的例句放错了换成这个)
I'll?tell?you?a?story?about Jack-a-Nory. (I'll Tell You a Story)
5. 主+谓+宾+宾补
S+V+O+OC
此种情况,动词虽然跟了宾语,但句子意思不完整,需要跟上一个补足语,对宾语进行解释说明,句子意思才能完整通顺。
例句:
He'll sit in a barn, and?keep?himself?warm. (The Robin)
Three?straws?on a staff would?make?a?baby?cry and laugh.?(Three Straws)
I?had a little boy, and?called?him?Blue Bell. (Blue Bell Boy)
英语结构的五大形式
英语的基本句型主要有五种,它们是:
1、主语———动词———表语
2、主语———动词
3、主语———动词———宾语
4、主语———动词———宾语———宾语
5、主语———动词———宾语———补语
掌握好这些基本句型,就可以为灵活运用语言打下良好的基础。下面分别讲解这五种句型。
一、主语---动词----表语
在这一句型中,动词是系动词,划线部分为表语。
1.Mr.Brown is an engineer.(名词做表语)
2.Gradualy he became silent.(形容词做表语)
3.She remained standing for a hour.(现在分词做表语)
4.The question remained unsolved.(过去分词做表语)
5.The machine is out of order.(介词短语做表语)
6.The television was on.(副词做表语)
7.His plan is to keep the affair secret.(动词不定式做表语)
8.My job is repairing cars.(动名词做表语)
9.The question is what you want to do.(从句做表语,即:表语从句)
注意:在下面的句子中,形容词做表语,在表语的后面常常接不定式结构。
I'm happy to meet you.
They are willing to help.
We are determined to follow his example.
二、主语———动词
在这一句型中,动词为不及物动词及不及物的动词词组。在有的句子中,不及物动词可以有状语修饰。
1.The sun is rising.
2.I'll try.
3.Did you sleep well?(well做状语,修饰不及物动词sleep)
4.The engine broke down.
注意:在此句型中,有少数不及物动词表达被动含义,表达主语本身所具有的特性,不用被动语态。
1.The book sells wel.
2.The window won't shut.
3.The pen writes smoothly.
4.Cheese cuts easily.
三、主语———动词———宾语
在此句型中,动词为及物动词,划线部分为宾语。
1.Do you know these people(them)?(名词或代词做宾语)
2.I can't express myself in English.(反身代词做宾语)
3.He smiled a strange smile.(同源宾语)
4.We can't afford to pay such a price.(不定式做宾语)
5.Would you mind waiting a few minutes?(动名词做宾语)
6.I hope that I have said nothing to pain you.(从句做宾语,即:宾语从句)
注意:并不是所有的及物动词都可以接上述各种情况做宾语,不同的动词有不同的用法,所以,在学习动词时,一定要掌握其用法。
四、主语———动词———宾语———宾语
在此句型中,动词可以称作双宾语动词,在英语中,这样的动词并不多,在学习遇时,要牢记。后面的宾语为间接宾语和直接宾语,其中间接宾语在前,一般表人,直接宾语在后,一般表物。这类句型有三种情况。
第一种情况,间接宾语可以改为to引导的短语。
1.He handed me a letter.
He handed a letter to me.
2.She gave me her telephone number.
She gave her telephone number to me.
第二种情况,间接宾语可以改为for引导的短语。
3.She sang us a folk song.
She sang a folk for us.
4.She cooked us a delicious meal.
She cooked a delicious meal for us.
第三种情况,直接宾语可以由宾语从句充当。
5.Tell him I'm out.
6.Can you inform me where Miss Green lives?
五、主语———动词———宾语———宾语补足语
在此句型中的动词,叫做可以跟复合宾语的动词,在英语中,这样的动词也不多。后面的宾语补足语是说明宾语的情况的,宾语和宾语补足语一起被称做复合宾语。这个句式是英语中比较复杂的一个句式,因为复合宾语的构成内容较多。下面句子中划线部分为宾语补足语。
1.He found his new job boring.(形容词做宾补)
2.The called their daughter Mary.(名词做宾补)
3.This placed her in a very difficult position.(介词短语做宾补)
4.We went to here house but found her out.(副词做宾补)
5.What do you advise me to do?(不定式做宾补)
6.We thought him to be an honest man.(tobe做宾补)
7.He believed them to have discussed the problem.(不定式的完成式做宾补)
8.He believed her to be telling the truth.(不定式的进行式做宾补)
9.Did you notice him come in?(不带to的不定式做宾补)
10.I saw her chatting with Nancy.(现在分词做宾补)
11.He watched the piano carried upstairs.(过去分词做宾补)
注意:在这个结构中,可以出现用it做形式上的宾语,把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语的后面。在此结构中,宾语常常是动词不定式或宾语从句。
1.He felt it his duty to mention this to her.
分析:it是形式宾语,hisduty是宾语补足语,to mention this to her是真正的宾语。
2.I think it best that you should stay with us.
分析:it是形式宾语,best是宾语补足语,that you should stay with us是真正的宾语。
注意:
1.习惯用语的使用
在英语中,有很多动词习惯用语,在学习的过程中,要注意它们的使用,不必分析单独每个词的使用。
例:
We are short of money.(be short of中short做表语)
She is always making trouble for her friends.(trouble做make的宾语)
He has carried out our instructions to the letter.(our instructions做词组carry out的宾语)
We are waiting for the rain to stop.(wait for后面的the rain是宾语,to stop是宾语补足语)
2.在英语中,大多数动词既可以做及物动词又可以做不及物动词,而且还会有一些固定词组,因此一个动词可以用于几种句型。
例:ask
①Did you ask the price?(直接接名词做宾语)
②She asked them their names.(接双宾语)
③I asked James to buy some bread.(接宾语加不定式做宾语补足语)
④I asked to speak to Fred.(接不定式做宾语)
⑤Didn't you ask him in?(在此句中和副词in连用)
⑥He has asked for an interview with the President.(组成固定词组ask for)
3.There be句型是一种特殊的句子,真正的主语在后面,含义为“有…”
①谓语动词和主语保持一致:There is a television in the sitting room.
②有两个或更多的主语时,动词一般和最近的一个保持一致:There are two girls and a boy dancing in the hall.
③主语的后面有时有修饰语:There are a lot of difficulties facing us.There were many things to be done(此处也可以使用to do).
④谓语动词be可以有时态的变化:There will be a concert in the park tonight.There was little change in him.
⑤谓语也可以有不定式构成的复合谓语。
There used to be a cinema here.
There seems to be something the matter with her.
Is there going to be any activity tonight?
⑥there be句式变疑问句,把be提前;变翻译疑问句也要借助there。
Is there any hope of getting the job?
There is nothing wrong with your watch,is there?
⑦there be句型中也可以使用诸如:live,follow,come,stand,sit,exist等不及物动词:
Once upon a time,there lived a fisherman on the island.
There came a knock at the door.
At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.
⑧用于非谓语的情况下,有时用不定式的复合结构there to be或动名词的复合结构和独立主格结构there being:
You wouldn't want there to be another war.(不定式的复合结构)
The teacher was satisfied with there being no mistakes in his homework.(动名词的复合结构)
There being nothing else to do,we went home.(独立主格结构)
■巩固性练习
请判断下列句子的结构类型
1.He is running.
2.The loud voice from the upstairs made him angry.
3.The little boy is asking the teacher all kinds of questions.
4.She seemed angry.
5.My father bought me a beautiful present.
6.Why do you keep your eyes closed?
7.Will you tell us an exciting story?
8.We must keep our classroom tidy and clean.
9.I heard the baby crying in the sitting room.
10.Can you push the window open?
答案:
1.主语---动词
2.主语---动词---宾语---补语
3.主语---动词---宾语---宾语
4.主语---动词----表语
5.主语---动词---宾语---宾语
6.主语---动词---宾语---宾语
7.主语---动词---宾语---补语
8.主语---动词---宾语---补语
9.主语---动词---宾语---补语
10.主语---动词---宾语---补语
英语句子五大结构:
1、主谓、2.主谓宾、3.主谓宾(间接)宾(直接)、4.主谓宾 宾补(宾语补足语)、5.主系表。
说明:
(1)S:Subject主语。
(2)V:Verb动词。
(3)O:Objiec宾语。
(4)P:Predicative表语。
(5)IO: Indirect Object间接宾语。
(6)DO: Direct Object直接宾语。
2、及物动词:动作是有对象的,可以直接加宾语。
不及物动词:动作无对象,便是某种状态,不可直接加宾语,需要介词。
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